CHRONOLOGY VII

From Reconstruction through Gilded Age ahead.

1860s 1866 Congress enacts the Civil Rights Act of 1866 and the Supplementary Freedmen's Bureau Act over Johnson's vetoes.
Congress passes Fourteenth Amendment
Ku Klux Klan founded in Tennessee.
The American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA) created
Tennessee readmitted to the Union.
Race riots in southern cities.
Republicans win congressional elections.
Thirty-ninth Congress begins debates over Reconstruction policy.
Teton Sioux wipe out Captain William J. Fetterman's troops.
Railroad Enabling Act.
National Labor Union founded.
1867 Tenure of Office Act
Reconstruction Act of 1867.
William Seward negotiates the purchase of Alaska.
Constitutional conventions meet in the ex-Confederate states.
Howard University founded.
National Grange organized.
Joseph McCoy organizes cattle drives to Abilene, Kansas.
New Indian policy of smaller reservations adopted.
Medicine Lodge Treaty.
1868 President Johnson is impeached, tried, and acquitted.
Johnson pardons Confederate leaders.
Omnibus Act.
Fourteenth Amendment added to the Constitution.
Grant defeats Seymour for the presidency
Fort Laramie Treaty.
1869 Fisk and Gould corner the gold market.
Transcontinental railroad joined near Ogden, Utah.
Knights of Labor organized.
Wyoming Territory grants women the right to vote.
Board of Indian Commissioners established to reform Indian reservation life.
Boss William Marcy Tweed gains control of New York's Tammany Hall political machine.
Cornell University founded.
First intercollegiate football game.
The Great Atlantic & Pacific Tea Company (A&P) organizes a chain of food stores.
1870s 1870 Fifteenth Amendment ratified.
Standard Oil Company organized.
Congress readmits the four remaining southern states to the Union.
Enforcement Act of 1870.
1870-1871 Force Acts
1871 Tweed scandal in New York
Woodhull and Claflin's Weekly published.
Second Enforcement Act.
Ku Klux Klan Act.
The Great Chicago Fire.
Thomas Eakins, "The Champion Single Sculls".
1872 Freedmen's Bureau ended.
Liberal Republicans break with Grant.
Grant defeats Greeley for the presidency.
Liberal Republican party formed.
Amnesty Act.
Alabama claims settled.
Mark Twain, "Roughing It".
Yellowstone National Park established.
Anthony Comstock founds the New York Society for the Suppression of Vice and leads a "purity" campaign.
1873 Comstock Law passed.
Panic of 1873 begins (September - October), setting off a five-year depression.
Panic allows speculators to purchase thousands of acres in the Red River valley of North Dakota cheaply.
Timber Culture Act.
Biggest strike on Nevada's Comstock Lode.
Coinage Act demonetizes silver.
1874 Woman's Christian Temperance Union (WCTU) organized.
Chautauqua movement takes shape.
Democrats gain control of the House of Representatives.
Invention of barbed wire.
Gold discovered in the Black Hills of South Dakota.
Red River War pits the Kiowas, Comanches, and Cheyennes against the U.S. Army.
Grasshopper infestations ruin crops in Iowa and Kansas.
John Wanamaker opens his Philadelphia department store.
1875 Whiskey Ring scandal.
Civil Rights Act of 1875
Resumption Act passed.
Specie Resumption Act.
John Wesley Powell, The Exploration of the Colorado River.
Henry Hobson Richardson designs Trinity Church in Boston.
Smith College founded.
Frances Willard joins the Woman's Christian Temperance Union.
Henry Clay Work, "My Grandfather's Clock."
1876 Hayes-Tilden election standoff and crisis.
Alexander Graham Bell invents and patents the telephone.
Johns Hopkins University graduate school established.
Massacre of Colonel George Armstrong Custer and his troops at Little Bighorn.
Colorado admitted to the Union, gives women the right to vote in school elections.
Thomas A. Edison opens research laboratory at Menlo Park, New Jersey.
National League of baseball players organized.
1877 Compromise of 1877; Reconstruction ends.
Nez Perc� Indian War
Rutherford B. Hayes becomes president after disputed election.
Munn v. Illinois
Desert Land Act.
Edison invents the phonograph.
Railway workers stage the first nationwide strike.
1878 Timber and Stone Act.
John Wesley Powell, Report on the Lands of the Arid Regions of the United States.
Bland-Allison Act requires U.S. Treasury to purchase silver.
1879 Mary Baker Eddy establishes Christian Science.
Salvation Army begins work in America.
"Exodus'' movement spreads through several southern states.
Massacre of northern Cheyennes at Fort Robinson, Nebraska.
The New York "dumbbell" tenement law is passed.
Edison invents the electric light.
Henry George, "Progress and Poverty".
F. W. Woolworth opens his "Five and Ten Cent Store" in Utica, New York.
1880s 1880 Garfield defeats Hancock for presidency.
William Booth's followers establish an American branch of the Salvation Army.
1881 Assassination of Garfield; Chester A. Arthur becomes president.
Booker T. Washington becomes head of Tuskegee Institute.
American Red Cross founded.
Helen Hunt Jackson, "A Century of Dishonor".
Standard Oil Trust established.
1882 Chinese Exclusion Act(First immigration-restriction laws passed).
Josephine Shaw Lowell founds the New York Charity Organization Society (COS).
Edison opens the first electric power station on Pearl Street in New York City.
1883 Civil Rights Cases.
Pendleton Act sets up Civil Service Commission.
Brooklyn Bridge completed.
Metropolitan Opera House built in New York.
William ("Buffalo Bill") Cody organizes Wild West show.
Railroads divide the country into time zones.
William Graham Sumner, "What Social Classes Owe to Each Other".
Lester Frank Ward, "Dynamic Sociology".
1884 Cleveland defeats Blaine for presidency.
Mark Twain publishes "The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn".
Federal government outlaws Indian Sun Dance.
Bryn Mawr College founded.
1885 Louis Sullivan builds the first skyscraper, in Chicago
Linotype invented
1885-1890 Farmers' Alliances formed.
1886 Police and demonstrators clash at Haymarket Square in Chicago.
Statue of Liberty erected in New York harbor
Severe drought on the Plains destroys cattle and grain.
Wabash v. Illinois.
American Federation of Labor (AFL) formed.
Richard Warren Sears starts Sears, Roebuck.
1887 American Protective Association (APA) formed.
Hatch Act.
Dawes Severalty Act.
Interstate Commerce Act establishes the Interstate Commerce Commission.
Cleveland urges tariff reform and vetoes veterans' pension bill.
1888 Harrison defeats Cleveland for presidency.
Las Gorras Blancas (The White Caps) raid ranchers in northern New Mexico.
First electric-trolley line, in Richmond, Virginia.
Edward Bellamy publishes "Looking Backward".
1889 Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr open Hull House in Chicago.
Moody Bible Institute established in Chicago.
Oklahoma Territory opened for settlement.
Pan-American Conference
United States, Great Britain, and Germany establish protectorate over Samoan Islands.
Andrew Carnegie, "The Gospel of Wealth."
1889-1890 North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, Washington, Idaho, and Wyoming admitted to the Union
1889-1896 Theodore Roosevelt, The Winning of the West.
1890s 1890 Sherman Anti-Trust Act
National American Women's Suffrage Association formed.
Census Bureau declares frontier line ended.
Emergence of People's party (Populists)
"Billion-Dollar Congress"
Pension Act of 1890
Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890 (repealed 1893)
McKinley Tariff pushes tariffs to all-time high.
Mahan publishes The Influence of Sea Power upon History.
Ghost Dance movement spreads to the Black Hills.
Massacre of Teton Sioux at Wounded Knee, South Dakota.
Yosemite National Park established.
Jacob Riis, "How the Other Half Lives".
1891 New Orleans crisis with Italy
Hamlin Garland, Main-Travelled Roads.
Stanford University founded.
University of Chicago founded.
Columbia University adds Barnard College as a coordinate institution for women.
Basketball invented at Springfield College in Massachusetts.
Crisis between United States and Chile over attack on U.S. sailors.
1892 Cleveland elected to second term as president.
Valparaiso crisis with Chile.
John Muir organizes the Sierra Club.
Immigrant-admitting station is opened on Ellis Island in the New York City harbor.
Reverend Charles Parkhurst organizes the City Vigilance League.
"Big Jim" Pendergast gains control of the Kansas City political machine.
Standard Oil of New Jersey and General Electric formed.
Steelworkers strike at Homestead, Pennsylvania.
Miners strike at Coeur d'Alene, Idaho.
Joseph Mayer Rice writes his expos� of public education in Forum magazine.
General Federation of Women's Clubs organized.
1893 Lillian Wald opens Henry Street Settlement in New York
Anti-Saloon League formed.
Columbian Exposition held in Chicago.
Frederick Jackson Turner publishes "The Significance of the Frontier in American History"
White planter revolt in Hawaii.
Cleveland refuses Hawaii annexation
Panic of 1893 triggers a depression lasting until 1897.
Stephen Crane, "Maggie: A Girl of the Streets".
Drain of treasury's gold reserve.
Repeal of Sherman Silver Purchase Act.
1894 Coxey's "Commonweal Army" marches on Washington.
Wilson-Gorman Tariff Act
The Chicago Ship and Sanitary Canal is built.
Clarence Lexow's investigation of New York City reveals widespread police corruption.
Pullman Palace Car workers strike, supported by the National Railway Union.
1895 Morgan's banking syndicate loans $65 million in gold to federal government.
Supreme Court declares federal income tax unconstitutional.
Cubans revolt against Spain.
Coney Island amusement parks open in Brooklyn.
Banker's loans end drain on gold reserve.
United States intervenes in Venezuela-Great Britain boundary dispute.
1896 Utah admitted to the Union.
Free-silver forces capture Democratic party and nominate William Jennings Bryan.
McKinley defeats Bryan for presidency.
1897 Library of Congress opens.
Dingley Tariff Bill
1898 Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Women and Economics.
Maine explosion in Havana harbor.
Spanish-American War
Teller Amendment
Dewey's victory at Manila Bay
Hawaii annexed.
New York City consolidates five boroughs into Greater New York.
1898-1902 United States suppresses guerrilla uprising in Philippines.
1899 Senate ratifies treaty acquiring the Philippines.
Aguinaldo launches rebellion against United States in the Philippine Islands.
Scott Joplin, "Maple Leaf Rag."
Kate Chopin, "The Awakening".
Thorstein Veblen, "The Theory of the Leisure Class".
Theodore Dreiser, "Sister Carrie".
First United States Open Door notes on China.
United States helps put down Boxer uprising. 

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