The Era of the Antebellum

1820s	1828	Andrew Jackson elected president.
		Congress passes the "Tariff of Abominations."
		John Calhoun anonymously writes South Carolina Exposition and Protest.
		Baltimore and Ohio Railroad chartered.
		Noah Webster publishes dictionary.
		American Peace Society founded.
	1829	Walker publishes "Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World".
1830s	1830	Indian Removal Act passed by Congress.
		Jackson's Maysville Road Bill veto.
		Mexico closes Texas to further American immigration.
		Webster-Hayne debate.
		Joseph Smith founds Mormon church.
		Godey's Ladys' Book magazine first published.
	1830s	Cyrus McCormick invents mechanical mower-reaper.
	1830-1831	Charles G. Finney's Rochester revival. Finney conducts revivals in eastern cities.
	1831	Cherokee Nation v. Georgia.
		Alexis de Tocqueville begins visit to the United States to study American penitentiaries.
		William Lloyd Garrison starts "The Liberator".
		Mount Auburn Cemetery opens.
		Nat Turner leads a slave rebellion in Virginia.
		Anti-Masonic party holds first national convention.
		Eaton affair
	1831-1832	Virginia legislature debates slavery and emancipation.
	1832	Worcester v. Georgia.
		Jackson vetoes recharter of the Bank of the United States.
		Jackson reelected president.
		South Carolina Nullification Proclamation.
		Calhoun resigns as vice president.
		A cholera epidemic strikes the United States.
		Virginia legislature narrowly defeats a proposal for gradual emancipation.
		Virginia's Thomas R. Dew writes an influential defense of slavery.
		Tariff of 1832
		Black Hawk War
	1833	Force Bill.
		American Anti-Slavery Society founded.
		South Carolina nullifies the Force Bill.
		The New York Sun, the first penny newspaper, is established.
		Compromise Tariff of 1833.
		Jackson removes federal deposits from Bank of the United States.
		British abolish slavery in the West Indies.
	1834	First strike at the Lowell mills.
		Whig party organized.
		Cyrus McCormick patents the mechanical reaper.
		Austin secures repeal of the ban on American immigration into Texas.
		Anti-Catholic riot in Boston.
		Abolitionist students expelled from Lane Theological Seminary.
	1835	James Gordon Bennett establishes the New York Herald.
		Arkansas admitted to the Union.
		Santa Anna invades Texas.
		Lyceum movement flourishes.
		U.S. Post Office orders destruction of abolitionist mail.
		"Broadcloth Mob" attacks Garrison.
	1835-1839	Southeastern Indians removed on "Trail of Tears".
	1836	Congress imposes the gag rule.
		Deposition Act.
		Martin Van Buren elected president.
		Texas declares its independence from Mexico.
		Battle of the Alamo
		Goliad massacre.
		Battle of San Jacinto.
		Bank of the United States expires.
		Specie Circular issued.
		Bureau of Indian Affairs established.
		Texas wins independence from Mexico.
	1837	Economic panic begins a depression that lasts until 1843.
		Horace Mann becomes secretary of the Massachusetts Board of Education.
		Elijah Lovejoy murdered by proslavery mob.
		Grimke sisters set out on lecture tour of New England.
		Ralph Waldo Emerson, "The American Scholar."
		Mary Lyon establishes Mount Holyoke Seminary.
		Seminole Indians defeated and removed from Florida.
United States recognizes republic of Texas but refuses annexation into United States.
John Deere develops steel plow.
Oberlin College admits female students.
Mob kills abolitionist Lovejoy in Alton, Illinois.
Canadian rebellion and Caroline incident.
Magnetic telegraph invented.
1838	Garrison's New England Non-Resistance Society founded.
	Publication of Sarah Grimke's Letters on the Condition of Women and the Equality of the Sexes and Angelina Grimke's Letters to Catharine E. Beecher.
1839	Depression deepens as the Bank of the United States fails.
	Weld publishes "American Slavery As It Is".
1840s	1840	System of production by interchangeable parts perfected.
		President Van Buren establishes ten-hour day for federal employees.
		Independent Treasury Act passed.
		First Washington Temperance Society started.
		William Henry Harrison elected president.
		Independent Treasury established.
		Liberty party organized.
	1841	Dorothea Dix begins expose of prison conditions.
		P. T. Barnum opens the American Museum.
		Harrison dies after four weeks in office; John Tyler becomes president.
		Tyler vetoes Whig National Banking Bill.
		Brook Farm commune established.
	1842	Edgar Allan Poe, "The Murders in the Rue Morgue."
		Whigs abandon distribution.
		Webster-Ashburton Treaty.
		Massachusetts declares labor unions legal in Commonwealth v. Hunt.
		Aroostook War over Maine boundary.
	1843	Tyler launches campaign for Texas annexation.
		Dorothea Dix petitions Massachusetts legislature on behalf of the insane.
		Robert M. Hartley founds the New York Association for Improving the Condition of the Poor.
	1844	Samuel F. B. Morse patents the telegraph.
		The American Art Union is established.
		Poe, "The Raven."
		Philadelphia Bible Riots(Anti-Catholic riot).
		Senate rejects treaty annexing Texas.
		James K. Polk elected president.(Polk defeats Clay in "Manifest Destiny" election).
	1844-1845	Methodist Episcopal and Baptist churches split into northern and southern wings over slavery.
	1845	Congress votes joint resolution to annex Texas.
		Texas accepts annexation by the United States.
		Mexico rejects Slidell mission.
		Florida and Texas admitted to the Union.
		Douglass publishes "Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass".
	1845-1849	Potato famine in Ireland.
	1846	W. T. G. Morton successfully uses anesthesia.
		Congress ends the joint occupation of Oregon.
		Zachary Taylor defeats the Mexicans in two battles north of the Rio Grande.
		The United States declares war on Mexico.
		John C. Fremont proclaims the Bear Flag Republic in California.
		Congress votes to accept a settlement of the Oregon boundary issue with Britain.
		Walker Tariff (tariff of 1846).
		Colonel Stephen Kearny occupies Santa Fe.
		Wilmot Proviso introduced.
		Taylor takes Monterrey.
		Elias Howe invents sewing machine.
		Independent treasury restored.
		Kearny takes Santa Fe.
	1846-1847	Mormon migration to Utah.
	1846-1848	Mexican War
	1847	Taylor defeats Santa Anna at the Battle of Buena Vista.
		Vera Cruz falls to Winfield Scott.
		Mexico City falls to Scott.
		Lewis Cass's principle of "squatter sovereignty."
		Battle of Buena Vista.
		Scott takes Mexico City.
	1848	Seneca Falls Woman's Rights Convention held.
		John Humphrey Noyes starts the Oneida Community.
		Gold discovered in California.
		Zachary Taylor elected president.
		Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ends Mexican War.
		Free-Soil party formed.
		First general incorporation laws in New York.
		Democratic revolutions collapse in Germany.
	1849	Second major cholera epidemic.
		Astor Place theater riot leaves twenty dead.
Sugar production in Louisiana reaches its peak.
California seeks admission to the Union as a free state.
Order of the Star-Spangled Banner (Know-Nothing party) formed.
California gold rush.
1849-1860	Period of high cotton prices.
1850s	1850	Nathaniel Hawthorne, "The Scarlet Letter".
		Nashville convention assembles to discuss the South's grievances.
		Fillmore assumes presidency after Taylor's death.
		Compromise of 1850, including Fugitive Slave Law.
		Clayton-Bulwer Treaty with Britain.
	1851	Hawthorne, "The House of the Seven Gables".
		Herman Melville, "Moby-Dick".
		Erie Railroad completes its line to the West.
		Maine passes first law prohibiting liquor.
		The American branch of the Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) opens.
	1852	Pennsylvania Railroad completes its line between Philadelphia and Pittsburgh.
		Harriet Beecher Stowe, "Uncle Tom's Cabin".
		Franklin Pierce elected president.
		Cumberland Road completed.
	1853	Ten small railroads are consolidated into the New York Central Railroad.
		Gadsden Purchase from Mexico.
		Charles Loring Brace founds the New York Children's Aid Society.
	1854	Henry David Thoreau, "Walden".
		Kansas-Nebraska Act.
		William Walker leads a filibustering expedition into Nicaragua.
		Commodore Perry opens Japan.
		Ostend Manifesto proposes seizure of Cuba.
		Republican party organized.
		Philadelphia annexes five surrounding suburbs.
	1854-1855	Know-Nothing and Republican parties emerge.
	1855	Walt Whitman, "Leaves of Grass".
		Proslavery forces steal the election for a territorial legislature in Kansas.
		Proslavery Kansans establish a government in Lecompton.
		Free-soil government established in Topeka, Kansas.
		Pennsylvania Railroad completes Chicago link.
		Illinois Central completed between Chicago and Cairo, Illinois.
		The "Sack of Lawrence."
		John Brown's Pottawatomie massacre.
		New York opens its Castle Garden immigrant center.
	1856	William Walker becomes president of Nicaragua and legalizes slavery.
		James Buchanan elected president.
		Sumner beaten by Brooks in Senate chamber.
		Brown's Osawatomie massacre.
	1856-1860	Civil war in "bleeding Kansas".
	1857	Baltimore - St. Louis rail service completed.
		Dred Scott decision.
		President Buchanan endorses the Lecompton constitution in Kansas.
		Panic of 1857.
		Hinton R. Helper, The Impending Crisis of the South.
		Lecompton Constitution rejected.
		Tariff of 1857.
		Filling in of Boston's Back Bay begins.
	1858	Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux design Central Park.
		Congress refuses to admit Kansas to the Union under the Lecompton constitution.
		Lincoln-Douglas debates.
		Cyrus Field lays first transatlantic cable.
		Pike's Peak gold rush.
		Henry Comstock strikes gold on the Carson River in Nevada.
		Gold discovered at Clear Creek, Colorado.
	1859	John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry.
		Nevada Comstock Lode discovered.
		First oil well drilled in Titusville, Pennsylvania.

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