Before Columbus 

c. 5,000,000 b.c.       Earliest human ancestors appear in Africa.
c. 2,000,000 b.c.       Ice Age begins.
c. 300,000-100,000 b.c. Humans spread throughout Eastern Hemisphere.
c. 120,000 b.c.         Wisconsin glaciation begins.
c. 40,000-15,000 b.c.   Ancestors of Native Americans cross Alaska 
                        Siberian land bridge.
c. 10,000 b.c.          Ice Age ends.
                        Wisconsin glaciation retreats from North America.
c. 10,000-9000 b.c.     Paleo-Indians spread throughout Western 
                        Hemisphere.
c. 9000 b.c.            Extinction of big-game mammals.
c. 8000 b.c.            Archaic era begins.
c. 7000 b.c.            Athapaskan-speaking peoples arrive in North 
                        America.
c. 5000 b.c.            First domesticated plants grown in Western 
                        Hemisphere.
c. 3500 b.c.            First domesticated plants grown in North America.
c. 3000-2000 b.c.       Inuit and Aleut peoples arrive in North America.
c. 1500 b.c.            Archaic era ends.
                        Bow and arrow and ceramic pottery introduced in 
                        North America.
c. 1200 b.c.            Poverty Point flourishes in Louisiana.
c. 400-100 b.c.         Adena culture flourishes in Ohio Valley.
c. 250 b.c.             Hohokam culture begins in Southwest.
c. 100 b.c.             Anasazi culture begins in Southwest.
c. 100 b.c.-a.d.600     Hopewell culture thrives in Midwest.
c. a.d. 300             First people arrive at Hawaiian Islands.
c. 600-1600             Rise of the great West African empires.
c. a.d.700              Mississippian culture begins.
c. a.d.900              Stockade and first mounds built at Cahokia.
                        Anasazi expansion begins.
c. a.d.1000-1100        Norse settlement of Vinland flourishes on 
                        Newfoundland.
1096                    European Crusades begin in Middle East.
c. a.d.1150             Anasazi peoples disperse to form pueblos.
c. a.d.1200-1300        Cahokia declines.
1271-1295               Marco Polo travels to East Asia.
c. 1400-1600            Renaissance era--first in Italy, then elsewhere in 
                        Europe.
c. a.d.1400             League of the Iroquois formed.
1440                    Portuguese slave trade in West Africa begins.
1488                    Bartolomeu reaches the Cape of Good Hope. 
a.d.1492                Christopher Columbus lands at San Salvador.
                        Columbus begins permanent European colonization 
                        of Western Hemisphere.



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